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FAQs

Combinatorial Chemistry

  • What are SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What are the physical dimensions of SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What is the fundamental difference between SynPhase™ Lanterns and Polystyrene Resins?
  • Are there any special storage requirements with SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What is the typical loading capacity of SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What linkers are available with SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • How does the performance of SynPhase™ Lanterns compare to polystyrene resins?
  • Does polystrene resin chemistry transfer directly to SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What solvents are compatible with SynPhase™ Lanterns? What are the swelling characteristics of SynPhase™ Lanterns in various solvents?
  • What are the recommended volumes and concentrations of reagents for use with SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • What synthesis strategies can be used with SynPhase™ Lanterns?
  • Can SynPhase™ Lanterns be used in solution phase applications?
  • Is there a SynPhase™ Lantern suitable for hydrophilic applications?
  • Can SynPhase™ Lanterns be used in automated synthesizers?
  • How does the cost of SynPhase™ Lanterns compare to resin(s)?

    The total synthesis cost of SynPhase Lanterns compares more than favorable with that of resins. The use of SynPhase Lanterns offers significant savings in labor, consumables and equipment as well as intangible cost benefits associated with the rapid development of optimized reactions conditions to deliver high purity compounds.

    Initial Start-up Costs

    The cost of accessories and equipment for library generation is significantly less for SynPhase Lanterns, given that no special apparatus for synthesis, washing, cleavage and filtration is required. In practical terms, the SynPhase Lanterns themselves are all that is needed for a chemistry laboratory to begin producing small sized libraries, as syntheses can be easily performed in common laboratory glassware.
    SynPhase Work Stations are a range of devices that simplify the handling operations with SynPhase Lanterns to provide increased productivity for larger libraries. The initial capital expenditure on SynPhase Work Stations is minimal. In fact, this capital expenditure is as much as an order of magnitude lower than required for an automated synthesizer, which is the only viable option for improving efficiency for synthesis of large libraries with resin.

    The Cost of the Solid Phase Support

    A single SynPhase Lantern is required for the synthesis of each compound in quantities less than 20mg. For larger scale syntheses, SynPhase Lanterns may be pooled to generate the required quantity of compound. The cost of the solid support, whether it is a SynPhase Lantern or resin, depends upon the type of functionality required for synthesis. The direct cost of SynPhase Lanterns in general terms on a per loading basis ($/mmol) is in the same range as high quality resins.

    Reaction Vessels

    Reaction, washing and cleavage steps can be easily performed using general laboratory glassware and apparatus during syntheses with SynPhase Lanterns. There is no need for any expensive specialized reaction vessels, which are necessary when performing syntheses with resin due to the requirement to compartmentalize the resin.
    Simple vessels such as test tubes, sealable polypropylene tubes and glass vials, are all suitable for small scale synthesis whilst larger vessels such as beakers, round bottomed flasks and Schott bottles are suitable for large scale syntheses.
    Furthermore, the size and dimensions of the SynPhase Lanterns ensures that they will be compatible with most existing reaction blocks or vessels that you have in your laboratory.

    Consumables

    SynPhase Lanterns can be equated to polystyrene resins of approximately 0.5mmol per gram, on a loading per unit mass basis or 1mmol per gram, on a loading per unit volume basis, when the swelling of resin is taken into account.
    However, one of the fundamental differences between SynPhase Lanterns and resins is that the SynPhase Lantern has a "wicking" action. This results in solvent/reagent penetration to all parts of the grafted surface without agitation, even though it may not be completely immersed within the solvent or reagent. In contrast, resins need to be completely immersed within the solvent or reagent and require agitation to ensure reagents penetrate to all active sites of the resin. The "wicking" action of the SynPhase Lantern has significant cost advantages as smaller reagent volumes can be used, which is significant when using relatively expensive reagents.
    The high washing efficiency of SynPhase Lanterns due to the easy solvation of the grafted surface ensures that ongoing solvent costs are greatly reduced when compared to resin, particularly when the resin is held in a flow-through container. SynPhase Lanterns typically require only half the number of washes and each wash utilizes about one third of the quantity of solvent when compared to resin.
    There is also no need for ongoing deep cleaning or replacement of blocked filters and sinters that is required with resin, as there is no filtration step needed with SynPhase Lanterns.

    Productivity

    The physical nature of SynPhase Lanterns ensures time-consuming tasks are completely eliminated from the synthesis process. At the beginning of synthesis, there is no need for weighing as the SynPhase Lanterns are quantized; 15µmol for SynPhase L-Series Lanterns and 35µmol for SynPhase D-Series Lanterns.
    When you need to isolate the solid phase, excess solvent and reagent are easily removed from SynPhase Lanterns, avoiding the need to perform filtrations for each compound in the library.
    The modular design allows 96 compounds to be cleaved rapidly in parallel at the conclusion of synthesis. Compare this to the individual handling required for filtration and cleavage with the use of resin. Compounds synthesized with SynPhase Lanterns are cleaved directly into vials or plates in which they will be stored, with no filtration or transfer steps.

    Product Purity

    High conversions are required in every step of solid phase synthesis to ensure compounds of the required purity are produced. For example, in a four-step solid phase synthesis, 95% conversion is required at each step to get an overall conversion of at least 80%. This requires highly optimized reaction conditions. The development of efficient reaction conditions rather than the library synthesis itself is the critical rate determining step for diverse library synthesis. Optimization of chemistry conditions with SynPhase Lanterns is a rapid process as various reaction conditions can be evaluated concurrently.
    Product purity is also enhanced with SynPhase Lanterns as the risk of loss of target compound and contamination, which are associated with every filtration and transfer step using resin, are completely eliminated.

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